Technical drawings for the British Bombe, the machine specified by Turing and one of the primary tools used to break Enigma-enciphered messages during WWII.

Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0720-6. The workforce employed in these paper money factories was quite large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou alone employed more than a thousand workers a day. [23] However, the government issues of paper money were not yet nationwide standards of currency at that point; issues of banknotes were limited to regional areas of the empire, and were valid for use only in a designated and temporary limit of three years. [15] A temporary experiment of banknote issue was carried out by Sir William Phips as the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1690 to help fund the war effort against France. [37] The other Thirteen Colonies followed in Massachusetts' wake and began issuing bills of credit, an early form of paper currency distinct from banknotes, to fund military expenditures and for use as a common medium of exchange. [38] By the 1760s, these bills of credit were used in the majority of transactions in the Thirteen Colonies. [39] Fifty-five-dollar bill in Continental currency; leaf design by Benjamin Franklin, 1779 Horsefield, J. K. (November 1944). "The Origins of the Bank Charter Act, 1844". Economica. New. 11 (44): 180–189. doi: 10.2307/2549352. JSTOR 2549352.We explain the rules on savings compensation, updated as they change, and how to keep your money safe In a small number of countries, private banknote issue continues to this day. For example, by virtue of the complex constitutional setup in the United Kingdom, certain commercial banks in two of the state's four constituent countries ( Scotland and Northern Ireland) continue to print their own banknotes for domestic circulation, even though they are not fiat money or declared in law as legal tender anywhere. The UK's central bank, the Bank of England, prints notes which are legal tender in England and Wales; these notes are also usable as money (but not legal tender) in the rest of the UK (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). Shawbrook Bank launches top cash Isas while there's also a new leading easy-access and fixed-rate deal

A banknote—also called a bill ( North American English), paper money, or simply a note—is a type of negotiable promissory note, made by a bank or other licensed authority, payable to the bearer on demand. Banknotes were originally issued by commercial banks, which were legally required to redeem the notes for legal tender (usually gold or silver coin) when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank. [1] Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by central banks or monetary authorities. Drug Dog's "Alert" to Cash Not Grounds for Forfeiture When Up to 75 percent of Currency Tainted With Drugs". ndsn.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2012. There are many different organizations and societies around the world for the hobby, including the International Bank Note Society (IBNS), which currently assert to have around 2,000 members in 90 countries. [86] Novelty [ edit ] The Bank of England has issued a warning for people in possession of the notes to have them replaced. A final method of switching out old notes comes in the form of post - however, this is to be done at your own risk, and the bank advises anyone considering it to put measures in place to reduce the likelihood of loss of theft. To swap by post, you'll need to fill out a relevant form and send it in with your notes.The Bank of England says that all "genuine" banknotes that have been withdrawn from circulation still retain their face value and you can simply exchange them for the newer equivalent. Banks that allow you to exchange paper notes will generally allow you to deposit the money into the account that you hold with them. See also: List of Chinese inventions, Economy of the Song dynasty, and Jiaozi (currency) Song dynasty Jiaozi, the world's earliest paper money. A Yuan dynasty printing plate and banknote with Chinese words. Former NatWest fraud boss leaves after moonlighting for law firm... which specialised in suing banks on behalf of scam victims In the late 20th century, vending machines were designed to recognize banknotes of the smaller values long after they were designed to recognize coins distinct from slugs. [ where?] This capability has become inescapable in economies where inflation has not been followed by introduction of progressively larger coin denominations (such as the United States, where several attempts to make dollar coins popular in general circulation have largely failed). The existing infrastructure of such machines presents one of the difficulties in changing the design of these banknotes to make them less counterfeitable, that is, by adding additional features so easily discernible by people that they would immediately reject banknotes of inferior quality, for every machine in the country would have to be updated. [ citation needed] Destruction [ edit ] A 5 euro note so badly damaged it has been torn in half. The note has later been repaired with tape.